Due to adverse selection and moral hazard problems associated to finance Contracts in conventioal banking and Islamic banking, Use of signalling effects, variables of constitute of financial Contracts can be a great help to offset the above issues is have. collateral and interest rate has been considered as the most important of components the agreement in conventional banking financial Contracts, and with determination and adjust them, efficiency the contract has improved.So, In this research it has been tried to develop the social aspects of Contracts by considering the Islamic ethics values such as; honesty, trustworthy and so on which are effective undertaker behaviour in addition to economic aspect by taking into account the Islamic banking issues in Profit - loss sharing Contracts and conventional banking expriments to increase finnacial contract effieancy.The point is also due to the specific characteristics of Profit - loss sharing Contracts, specially, the effect potential signalling of component ’profit share ratio’ in the contract could be used and adverse selection, and moral hazard problems be minimized.

Fiscal regime is one of the main differences between petroleum Contracts. Fiscal regimes in oil Contracts are divided in two main categories namely Concessionary and Contractual Systems. In contractual systems, the main difference between service and production sharing Contracts is the way of compensation of contractor services which could be in cash or in kind. In production sharing Contracts the contractor receives a portion of produced oil. One of the main criteria to compare fiscal regimes is government and contractor takes in real values. Comparing the net present value of contractor take shows that PSC could have been more desirable and cost effective in Azadegan, Soroush & Norouz, Forouzan & Esfandyar oil fields than Buy-Back Contracts.

Time sharing is type of time bond sharing which is limited to a certain period of time, like two weeks in a year. This contract makes possibility for people to allocate to themselves a huge amount of money investment in a determined period of time, with spending a minimum amount of expenses. Time sharing is one of the principle factors of tourism and residence during the vacation time. The idea of time bound sharing, is welcomed increasingly, in the world, today. The purpose of this research is to explore the concept of time bound sharing and to survey on its legality. To this end, the ideas expressed by opponents and proponents and the religious perspectives toward this issue will be investigated. Concerning the research process, the time sharing itself is complete, legally and religiously, and does not need any new legal institution and amendment. The reason for this statement is that with reference to the article 10 of the Civil Law and the principle of the freedom of Contracts, this contract is considered legal and logical. The only problem which might arise in this regard is related to the legislation and the domain of the responsibility of each of the sharers and legal execution support for the sake of its protection.

Objective: Food production and supply chains contribute significantly to carbon emissions. The beef supply chain is of those food industry sectors with significant carbon emissions in its entire supply chain. In this study, the beef supply chain is studied by considering carbon emissions under the coordination Contracts and the key decisions of supply chain players. Methods: The need to reduce emissions in energy consumption of upstream suppliers and downstream distributors encourages suppliers to do promotional work for manufacturing low-carbon products. Accordingly, the retailers would have the incentive to offer some encouraging schemes to the manufacturers, which stimulates the manufacturer's motivation to reduce emissions. In this research, price sensitivity, level of greenery, and the amount of advertising are considered to investigate the effects of these parameters on chain profitability of the chain and the decisions of the channel members. Cooperative Advertising Contracts (CA), Revenue sharing Contracts (RS), and Cost sharing Contracts (CS) are also examined. Examining the decisions of supply chain actors and analyzing the results, the researchers proved that the increase in the effectiveness of green product advertisements pushes up the number of applicants for buying green products and makes the supply chain provide products with higher levels of greening. Results: Based on the achieved results, corporate advertising Contracts increase retail advertising investment and total supply chain profit. They also increase channel effectiveness. This study also discussed the key role of advertising and its effects on the profitability of the channel. The results shied that the best way to increase the demand for green products is to raise the awareness of customers about the environment through advertising. When consumers' sensitivity to the level of the greening of a product increases, they tend to pay higher prices for low-carbon products. In addition, this study asserts that a cost-sharing agreement is also beneficial for companies and the supply chain, since it increases the level of greenery in products, brings higher profits for individual companies, and increases supply chain profits. Conclusion: This study comes with practical implications that can be used as support for decision-making. It indicated that a revenue-sharing contract with a low-performance difference after cost-sharing is a suitable option for the supply chain. Unlike the cost-sharing contract, almost all retail stores have computer systems and barcodes to track the sales of each meat product, so monitoring and verifying revenue is not a difficult task for the producer. A revenue-sharing contract not only helps the manufacturer and retailer achieve a "win-win" situation but also leads to a greater supply chain profit than a decentralized policy.

Time sharing Contracts or interval ownership is an almost new institution which entered to our legal system In order to developing tourism. the consumers' rights is significantly affected as a result of Complex nature of these Contracts on the one hand, and the consumer's weak position against the strong professional traders on the other. In Iran, Many companies Resort to this method to transfer buildings that have been provided for this purpose. In spite of the acceptance of this institution in Iranian Law, appropriate regulation in this regard has not been passed; while, In most European states specific regulations has been enacted in this regard. After a brief explanation of the legal nature and definition of time-sharing Contracts and clarifying the notion of consumer, in this paper specific regulations required for protection of consumer rights, including: right to awareness of contract, right to withdraw, right to choose freely, prohibition of advance payment, has been studied with respect to EU Directive 2008/122, as a document which has followed by many European states experienced in this type of Contracts.

Signing Oil Contracts with international oil companies for upstream and downstream operations in Iran's oil industry has a long history. After the discovery of oil, the first international oil contract was signed in Iran. Different types of oil Contracts have been used in Iran. In most cases, the adequacy of Contracts in terms of economic benefits has raised questions and ambiguities for Iran. To investigate this topic, the gas buyback Contracts are evaluated from an economic point of view. In order to assess the results more carefully, these Contracts are compared with the Production sharing Contracts. Phases 2 and 3, and also 4 and 5 of South Pars Gas Field have been selected for this paper. Since these projects have been awarded in the form of buy-back contract, in addition of defining different scenarios, the Production sharing Contract for the project has been simulated. After finding the best scenario in terms of the production sharing Contracts for both projects, we found that for phases 2 and 3 of the South Pars, the Production sharing Contract and for phases 4 and 5, the buyback contract, are proved to be more favorable for Iran.

Islamic banks and financial institutions established based on "profit and loss sharing" theory four decades ago. While this theory provides increasing in investment and develops bank loans distribution but it has its own challenges and problems in practice. These challenges are: separating Islamic banks interest rates from international interest rates, determining definite profit rate for investment, moral hazard for loan demanders, delay in returning debts, lack of proper ways of government financing and lack of institutional infrastructures. In this paper, it is suggested the effect of profit and loss sharing theory on investment and the development of facilitate distribution, challenges in front of Islamic banking system and their possible solutions.

The 2012 Petroleum Act outlining the tasks and authority of the Iranian Petroleum Ministry allows implementation of new contractual models including partnership with domestic and foreign investors and contractors in compliance with protective production without transfer of the ownership of oil and gas of the reserves. Although this law refers to the general contractual partnership models which can be interpreted as production sharing, profit sharing, or, but it seems that the most suitable interpretation of this clause is using production sharing Contracts in Iranian oil and gas industry because of following reasons; first, the ownership of oil and gas of the reservoirs would not be transferred to foreigners. Second, the nature of the contract allows the partnership in investment to result in the partnership in production. Third, due to the specific characteristics of the upstream sector, mostly the production sharing Contracts have found applications in achieving the exploration and development (E & P) as well as production. Forth, the previous production sharing Contracts concluded before the Islamic Revolution are available and can be used as reference in this regard. Thus, the main elements of such Contracts can be outlined by referring to the terms and conditions of similar previously concluded Contracts.

Private sector investment, particularly foreign investment is a major and vital category in exploration and development of oil and gas industry. Since the major oil fields are in undeveloped countries, which most important feature of them is government budget lack and weak domestic private sector financing, attracting foreign investment is important. Absence or lack of them has created some problems. Production sharing agreement is, in the last-mentioned countries, as tools for attracting of foreign investment from overseas. Due to the international popularities of the PSA and discussions on design a new contract patterns, in this paper, the use of PSA in the upstream oil industries of Iran is discussed. In this talk, with the use of descriptive and analytical methods and refer to authentic sources of oil law, have studied by financial & non-financial terms of PSA and then, comparing its efficiency in analogy with buy back, analyzed. Finally, this result was obtained that using of PSA in analogy with buy back, will some benefits to our Countries.